Stephen Hawking, science's brightest star, dies age 76

Stephen Hawking, science's brightest star, dies age 76: A star just went out' - world honours renowned British physicist

The physicist and author of A Brief History of Time has died at his home in Cambridge. His children said: ‘We will miss him for ever’ and a day...

Stephen Hawking fascinated astrophysicists with his otherworldly theories. But he also blew the minds of medical experts by living with ALS for 55 years.

Accomplishments aside, Hawking was somewhat of a medical miracle. Experts struggle to find anyone who has lived longer with the disease than Hawking, the famed physicist who died Wednesday at 76.

"We wish we knew because that would give us clues to treatment," said Dr. Lucie Bruijn, the ALS Association's chief scientist. "His lifespan is exceptional. I think there are few — I certainly don't know of any others — that have had such a long lifespan."

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — otherwise known as Lou Gehrig's disease or motor neuron disease — can kill someone within a few months of diagnosis, and there's only a 10% chance patients live more than a decade, the ALS Association says.

Some medical experts have suggested Hawking lived so long because he developed the disease so early in his life, a theory yet to be proven, Bruijn said.

"There's no real evidence for that," she said. "One could imagine that obviously if you are younger your body is able to cope with something that might go awry."

The organization claims most people are diagnosed between 40 and 70. Hawking was diagnosed at age 21.

British neurologists considered the youth theory in a 2002 article on Hawking in the British Medical Journal.

"We have found that the survival in younger patients is strikingly better and is measured in many years — in some cases more than 10," said King's College clinical neurology professor Nigel Leigh in the article. "Among people in their 50s and 60s, there is a 50% chance of surviving four years or so. It is a different beast if you start young, oddly, and no one knows why."

Pam Shaw, a professor of neurology at England's University of Sheffield, told the journal she, too, wasn't sure why some people live longer with the disease.

"The older you are the quicker the disease course tends to be, but we don't really have a handle on why some people survive for longer periods than others. I wish we did," she said.

Tributes poured in on Wednesday to Stephen Hawking, the brightest star in the firmament of science, whose insights shaped modern cosmology and inspired global audiences in the millions. He died at the age of 76 in the early hours of Wednesday morning.

A brief history of Stephen Hawking's Brief History of Time Read on...

In a statement that confirmed his death at home in Cambridge, Hawking’s children said: “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today. He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years. His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humour inspired people across the world.

“He once said: ‘It would not be much of a universe if it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him for ever.”

For fellow scientists and loved ones, it was Hawking’s intuition and wicked sense of humour that marked him out as much as the fierce intellect that, coupled with his illness, came to symbolise the unbounded possibilities of the human mind.

“Stephen was far from being the archetypal unworldy or nerdish scientist. His personality remained amazingly unwarped by his frustrations,” said Lord Rees, the astronomer royal, who praised Hawking’s half century of work as an “inspiring crescendo of achievement.” He added: “Few, if any, of Einstein’s successors have done more to deepen our insights into gravity, space and time.”

The Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield lamented on Twitter that “Genius is so fine and rare”, while Theresa May noted Hawking’s “courage, humour and determination to get the most from life was an inspiration.” The US rock band Foo Fighters was more succinct, calling Hawking a “fucking legend.”

I’m not afraid of death, but I’m in no hurry to die. I have so much I want to do first Stephen Hawking

Hawking was driven to Wagner, but not the bottle, when he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 1963 at the age of 21. Doctors expected him to live for only two more years. But Hawking had a form of the disease that progressed more slowly than usual. He survived for more than half a century.

Hawking once estimated he worked only 1,000 hours during his three undergraduate years at Oxford. In his finals, he came borderline between a first- and second-class degree. Convinced that he was seen as a difficult student, he told his viva examiners that if they gave him a first he would move to Cambridge to pursue his PhD. Award a second and he threatened to stay. They opted for a first.

Those who live in the shadow of death are often those who live most. For Hawking, the early diagnosis of his terminal disease, and witnessing the death from leukaemia of a boy he knew in hospital, ignited a fresh sense of purpose. “Although there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found, to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research,” he once said. Embarking on his career in earnest, he declared: “My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”

He began to use crutches in the 1960s, but long fought the use of a wheelchair. When he finally relented, he became notorious for his wild driving along the streets of Cambridge, not to mention the intentional running over of students’ toes and the occasional spin on the dance floor at college parties.

The life of Stephen Hawking – in pictures Read more

Hawking’s first major breakthrough came in 1970, when he and Roger Penrose applied the mathematics of black holes to the universe and showed that a singularity, a region of infinite curvature in spacetime, lay in our distant past: the point from which came the big bang.

Penrose found he was able to talk with Hawking even as the latter’s speech failed. Hawking, he said, had an absolute determination not to let anything get in his way. “He thought he didn’t have long to live, and he really wanted to get as much as he could done at that time.”

There is no heaven or afterlife for broken-down computers; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark Stephen Hawking

In 1974 Hawking drew on quantum theory to declare that black holes should emit heat and eventually pop out of existence. For normal-sized black holes, the process is extremely slow, but miniature black holes would release heat at a spectacular rate, eventually exploding with the energy of a million one-megaton hydrogen bombs.

His proposal that black holes radiate heat stirred up one of the most passionate debates in modern cosmology. Hawkin g argued that if a black hole could evaporate, all the information that fell inside over its lifetime would be lost forever. It contradicted one of the most basic laws of quantum mechanics, and plenty of physicists disagreed. Hawking came round to believing the more common, if no less baffling, explanation that information is stored at a black hole’s event horizon, and encoded back into radiation as the black hole radiates.

Marika Taylor, a former student of Hawking’s and now professor of theoretical physics at Southampton University, remembers how Hawking announced his U-turn on the information paradox to his students. He was discussing their work with them in the pub when Taylor noticed he was turning his speech synthesiser up to the max. “I’m coming out!” he bellowed. The whole pub turned around and looked at the group before Hawking turned the volume down and clarified the statement: “I’m coming out and admitting that maybe information loss doesn’t occur.” He had, Taylor said, “a wicked sense of humour.” Sign up for Lab Notes - the Guardian's weekly science update Read more

Hawking’s run of radical discoveries led to his election in 1974 to the Royal Society at the young age of 32. Five years later, he became the Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge, arguably Britain’s most distinguished chair, and a post formerly held by Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage and Paul Dirac, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics.

Hawking’s seminal contributions continued through the 1980s. The theory of cosmic inflation holds that the fledgling universe went through a period of terrific expansion. In 1982, Hawking was among the first to show how quantum fluctuations – tiny variations in the distribution of matter – might give rise through inflation to the spread of galaxies in the universe. In these tiny ripples lay the seeds of stars, planets and life as we know it. “It is one of the most beautiful ideas in the history of science,” said Max Tegmark, a physics professor at MIT.

But it was A Brief History of Time that rocketed Hawking to stardom. Published for the first time in 1988, the title made the Guinness Book of Records after it stayed on the Sunday Times bestsellers list for an unprecedented 237 weeks. It sold 10m copies and was translated into 40 different languages. Some credit must go to Hawking’s editor at Bantam, Peter Guzzardi, who took the original title: “From the Big Bang to Black Holes: A Short History of Time”, turned it around, and changed the “Short” to “Brief”. Nevertheless, wags called it the greatest unread book in history.

Stephen Hawking’s big ideas ... made simple

Hawking married his college sweetheart, Jane Wilde, in 1965, two years after his diagnosis. She first set eyes on him in 1962, lolloping down the street in St Albans, his face down, covered by an unruly mass of brown hair. A friend warned her she was marrying into “a mad, mad family”. With all the innocence of her 21 years, she trusted that Stephen would cherish her, she wrote in her 2013 book, Travelling to Infinity: My Life With Stephen.

In 1985, during a trip to Cern, Hawking was taken to hospital with an infection. He was so ill that doctors asked Jane if they should withdraw life support. She refused, and Hawking was flown back to Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Cambridge for a lifesaving tracheotomy. The operation saved his life but destroyed his voice. The couple had three children, but the marriage broke down in 1991. Hawking’s progressive condition, his demands on Jane, and his refusal to discuss his illness, were destructive forces the relationship could not endure, she said. Jane wrote of him being “a child possessed of a massive and fractious ego,” and how husband and wife became “master” and “slave”.

My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all Stephen Hawking

Four years later, Hawking married Elaine Mason, one of the nurses employed to give him round-the-clock care. The marriage lasted 11 years, during which Cambridgeshire police investigated a series of alleged assaults on Hawking. The physicist denied that Elaine was involved, and refused to cooperate with police, who dropped the investigation.

Hawking was not, perhaps, the greatest physicist of his time, but in cosmology he was a towering figure. There is no perfect proxy for scientific worth, but Hawking won the Albert Einstein award, the Wolf prize, the Copley medal, and the Fundamental Physics prize. The Nobel prize, however, eluded him. Advertisement

He was fond of scientific wagers, despite a knack for losing them. In 1975, he bet the US physicist Kip Thorne a subscription to Penthouse that the cosmic x-ray source Cygnus X-1 was not a black hole. He lost in 1990. In 1997, Hawking and Thorne bet John Preskill an encyclopaedia that information must be lost in black holes. Hawking conceded in 2004. In 2012, Hawking lost $100 to Gordon Kane for betting that the Higgs boson would not be discovered.

He lectured at the White House during the Clinton administration – his oblique references to the Monica Lewinsky episode were evidently lost on those who screened his speech – and returned in 2009 to receive the presidential medal of freedom from Barack Obama. His life was played out in biographies and documentaries, most recently The Theory of Everything, in which Eddie Redmayne played him. He appeared on The Simpsons and played poker with Einstein and Newton on Star Trek: The Next Generation. He delivered gorgeous put-downs on The Big Bang Theory. “What do Sheldon Cooper and a black hole have in common?” Hawking asked the fictional Caltech physicist whose IQ comfortably outstrips his social skills. After a pause, the answer came: “They both suck.”

Hawking has argued that for humanity to survive it must spread out into space, and has warned against the worst applications of artificial intelligence, including autonomous weapons.

'Mind over matter': Stephen Hawking – obituary by Roger Penrose Read more

Hawking was happy to court controversy and was accused of being sexist and misogynist. He turned up at Stringfellows lap dancing club in 2003, and years later declared women “a complete mystery”. In 2013, he boycotted a major conference in Israel on the advice of Palestinian academics.

Some of his most outspoken comments offended the religious. In his 2010 book, Grand Design, he declared that God was not needed to set the universe going, and in an interview with the Guardian a year later, dismissed the comforts of religious belief.

“I regard the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail,” he said. “There is no heaven or afterlife for broken-down computers; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.”

He spoke also of death, an eventuality that sat on a more distant horizon than doctors thought. “I’m not afraid of death, but I’m in no hurry to die,” he said. “I have so much I want to do first.”

What astounded those around him was how much he did achieve. He leaves his three children, from his first marriage to Jane Wilde, and three grandchildren. Since you’re here …

An Appreciation:Remembering Stephen Hawking
Sunny England, brilliant thinking and a shift in how we see the cosmos …© 2018 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies.

When I heard that Stephen Hawking had passed away on March 14, my thoughts immediately flew back to 1982, when I first got to know him well. That was long before his best-selling “A Brief History of Time” made him a big celebrity.

Hawking had already been confined to a wheelchair for several years, but he still had enough strength to control it electrically with his hands. He could also still speak, though it was very difficult to understand him, because his voice was soft and his articulation slurred. He was usually accompanied by a “translator”—a graduate student or postdoc who was accustomed to Hawking’s speech patterns and would repeat what he said.

We were at a workshop as exchange students from CINY/CCNY on cosmology at Cambridge University. Stephen had co-organized the workshop and chosen a group of about 15 people, mostly in their 30s, to attend. Many of us later became leaders in the field, but at the time we were certainly not.

In fact, most of us were outsiders to cosmology, doing our main work in the fields of particle physics and quantum-field theory. We felt as though we were a band of insurgents, hungry to seize some territory. It was remarkable that Hawking, already a leading figure in classical cosmology, not only welcomed us in but led the charge.

It was a very unusual conference, lasting over a week, with a loose schedule of formal talks and lots of time for informal discussions. Cambridge was at its glorious best, lush and green and fair, so we spent a lot of time outdoors.

That conference has approached legendary status in the scientific community, as the moment when the “inflationary universe” model came of age and began to be predictive. The central realization that emerged has its roots in Hawking’s famous earlier discovery—that black holes emit what came to be known as Hawking radiation or, as he liked to put it, that “black holes ain’t so black.”

Back in 1972, Hawking had showed that the distortions in space-time accompanying the formation of a black hole cause particles to be produced. When space-time is rapidly expanding—as occurred during the early moments of the big bang—a similar process causes the universe to fill with various exotic forms of matter.

People came into the workshop with different ideas about the amount of such matter and how uniformly it would be distributed. The answers to those questions are central to cosmology, because all the structure in today’s universe grows from those initial seeds of non-uniformity.

Going into the conference, estimates of the size of the effect ranged from essentially zero to values too large to describe our universe. By the end, a consensus had emerged. It is consistent with observations and has held up to this day. At the same conference, axion cosmology was born. Axions are a hypothetical particle whose existence would explain why the laws of physics look almost the same if you run events backward in time. At the conference, we realized that the early universe can produce axions abundantly. They might provide the universe’s “dark matter,” which astronomers have observed but not yet identified.

I spent a lot of time with Hawking during the conference. Soon I could understand his speech without an interpreter. It was a joy to probe his deep knowledge and opinions and to share family experiences and jokes.

One day, my very young daughter crawled up and started playing with his shoelaces. He watched her succeed in untying them and then told her, with a gleam in his eye, “Good work.” And then, turning to me: “Now, about the universe….”

It was a magical time, when the universe, channeled through Hawking, paid a visit to Cambridge.